Sabtu, 31 Agustus 2013

alat kuno zaman dahulu

Peninggalan Kebudayaan pada Masa Praaksara

Kebudayaan zaman batu terbagi lagi menjadi kebudayaan zaman batu tua (palaeolithikum), kebudayaan batu madya (mesolithikum), kebudayaan batu muda (neolithikum), dan kebudayaan batu besar (megalithikum).

1. Kebudayaan Batu Tua (Palaeolithikum)

Alat-alat hasil kebudayaan zaman batu tua antara lain.
 

a. Kapak Perimbas

Kapak ini terbuat dari batu, tidak memiliki tangkai, digunakan dengan cara menggengam. Dipakai untuk menguliti binatang, memotong kayu, dan memecahkan tulang binatang buruan. Kapak perimbas banyak ditemukan di daerah-daerah di Indonesia, termasuk dalam Kebudayaan Pacitan. Kapak perimbas dan kapak genggam dibuat dan digunakan oleh jenis manusia purba Pithecantropus.
Kapak Perimbas (Sumber: Encarta Encyclopedia)
Kapak Perimbas (Sumber: Encarta Encyclopedia)

b. Kapak Genggam

Kapak genggam memiliki bentuk hampir sama dengan jenis kapak penetak dan perimbas, namun bentuknya jauh lebih kecil. Fungsinya untuk membelah kayu, menggali umbi-umbian, memotong daging hewan buruan, dan keperluan lainnya. Pada tahun 1935, peneliti Ralph von Koenigswald berhasil menemukan sejumlah kapak genggam di Punung, Kabupaten Pacitan, Jawa Timur. Karena ditemukan di Pacitan maka disebut Kebudayaan Pacitan.
Kapak Genggam (Sumber: Encarta Encyclopedia)
Kapak Genggam
(Sumber: Encarta Encyclopedia)

c. Alat-alat Serpih (Flakes)

Alat-alat serpih terbuat dari pecahan-pecahan batu kecil, digunakan sebagai alat penusuk, pemotong daging, dan pisau. Alatalat serpih banyak ditemukan di daerah Sangiran, Sragen, Jawa Tengah, masih termasuk Kebudayaan Ngandong.
Alat-alat serpih (Sumber: Encarta Encyclopedia)
Alat-alat serpih (Sumber: Encarta Encyclopedia)

d. Perkakas dari Tulang dan Tanduk

Perkakas tulang dan tanduk hewan banyak ditemukan di daerah Ngandong, dekat Ngawi, Jawa Timur. Alat-alat itu berfungsi sebagai alat penusuk, pengorek, dan mata tombak. Oleh peneliti arkeologis perkakas dari tulang disebut sebagai Kebudayaan Ngandong. Alat-alat serpih dan alat-alat dari tulang dan tanduk ini dibuat dan digunakan oleh jenis manusia purba Homo Soloensis dan Homo Wajakensis.
Alat-alat dari Tulang dan Tanduk Hewan. (Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia)
Alat-alat dari Tulang dan
Tanduk Hewan. (Sumber: Sejarah
Nasional Indonesia)

2. Kebudayaan Batu Madya (Mesolithikum)

Kebudayaan batu madya ditandai oleh adanya usaha untuk lebih menghaluskan perkakas yang dibuat. Dari penelitian arkeologis kebudayaan batu madya di Indonesia memiliki persamaan kebudayaan dengan yang ada di daerah Tonkin, Indochina (Vietnam). Diperkirakan bahwa kebudayaan batu madya di Indonesia berasal dari kebudayaan di dua daerah yaitu Bascon dan Hoabind. Oleh karena itu pula kebudayaan dinamakan Kebudayaan Bascon Hoabind. Hasil-hasil kebudayaan Bascon Hoabind, antara lain berikut ini.

a. Kapak Sumatra (Pebble)

Bentuk kapak ini bulat, terbuat dari batu kali yang dibelah dua. Kapak genggam jenis ini banyak ditemukan di Sepanjang Pantai Timur Pulau Sumatera, antara Langsa (Aceh) dan Medan.
Kapak Sumatera (Sumber: Indonesian Heritage)
Kapak Sumatera
(Sumber: Indonesian Heritage)

 

b. Kapak Pendek (Hache courte)

Kapak Pendek sejenis kapak genggam bentuknya setengah lingkaran. Kapak ini ditemukan di sepanjang Pantai Timur Pulau Sumatera.

c. Kjokkenmoddinger

Kjokkenmoddinger berasal dari bahasa Denmark, Kjokken berarti dapur dan modding artinya sampah. Jadi, kjokkenmoddinger adalah sampah dapur berupa kulit-kulit siput dan kerang yang telah bertumpuk selama beribu-ribu tahun sehingga membentuk sebuah bukit kecil yang beberapa meter tingginya. Fosil dapur sampah ini banyak ditemukan di sepanjang Pantai Timur Pulau Sumatera.

d. Abris sous roche

Abris sous roche adalah gua-gua batu karang atau ceruk yang digunakan sebagai tempat tinggal manusia purba. Berfungsi sebagai tempat tinggal.
Abris sous roche.
Abris sous roche.

e. Lukisan di Dinding Gua

Lukisan di dinding gua terdapat di dalam abris sous roche. Lukisan menggambarkan hewan buruan dan cap tangan berwarna merah. Lukisan di dinding gua ditemukan di Leang leang, Sulawesi Selatan, di Gua Raha, Pulau Muna, Sulawesi Tenggara, di Danau Sentani, Papua.
Lukisan di Dinding Gua (Sumber: Album Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala)
Lukisan di Dinding Gua
(Sumber: Album Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala)

3. Kebudayaan Batu Muda (Neolithikum)

Hasil kebudayaan zaman batu muda menunjukkan bahwa manusia purba sudah mengalami banyak kemajuan dalam menghasilkan alat-alat. Ada sentuhan tangan manusia, bahan masih tetap dari batu. Namun sudah lebih halus, diasah, ada sentuhan rasa seni. Fungsi alat yang dibuat jelas untuk pengggunaannya. Hasil budaya zaman neolithikum, antara lain.

a. Kapak Persegi

Kapak persegi dibuat dari batu persegi. Kapak ini dipergunakan untuk mengerjakan kayu, menggarap tanah, dan melaksanakan upacara. Di Indonesia, kapak persegi atau juga disebut beliung persegi banyak ditemukan di Jawa, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi, dan Nusatenggara.
Kapak persegi (Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum)
Kapak persegi
(Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum)

b. Kapak Lonjong

Kapak ini disebut kapak lonjong karena penampangnya berbentuk lonjong. Ukurannya ada yang besar ada yang kecil. Alat digunakan sebagai cangkul untuk menggarap tanah dan memotong kayu atau pohon. Jenis kapak lonjong ditemukan di Maluku, Papua, dan Sulawesi Utara.
Kapak Lonjong (Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum)
Kapak Lonjong
(Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum)

c. Mata Panah

Mata panah terbuat dari batu yang diasah secara halus. Gunanya untuk berburu. Penemuan mata panah terbanyak di Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan.
Mata Panah
Mata Panah

d. Gerabah

Gerabah dibuat dari tanah liat. Fungsinya untuk berbagai keperluan.
Gerabah (Sumber: IPS Sejarah)
Gerabah
(Sumber: IPS Sejarah)

e. Perhiasan

Masyarakat pra-aksara telah mengenal perhiasan, diantaranya berupa gelang, kalung, dan anting-anting. Perhiasan banyak ditemukan di Jawa Barat, dan Jawa Tengah.

f. Alat Pemukul Kulit Kayu

Alat pemukul kulit kayu digunakan untuk memukul kulit kayu yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan pakaian. Adanya alat ini, membuktikan bahwa pada zaman neolithikum manusia pra-aksara sudah mengenal pakaian.

4. Kebudayaan Batu Besar (Megalithikum)

Istilah megalithikum berasal dari bahasa Yunani, mega berarti besar dan lithos artinya batu. Jadi, megalithikum artinya batubatu besar. Manusia pra-aksara menggunakan batu berukuran besar untuk membuat bangunan-bangunan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan kepada roh-roh nenek moyang. Bangunan didirikan untuk kepentingan penghormatan dan pemujaan, dengan demikian bangunan megalithikum berkaitan erat dengan kepercayaan yang dianut masyarakat pra-aksara pada saat itu. Bangunan megalithikum tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Berikut beberapa bangunan megalithikum.

a. Menhir

Menhir adalah sebuah tugu dari batu tunggal yang didirikan untuk upacara penghormatan roh nenek moyang. Menhir ditemukan di Sumatera Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Kalimantan.
Menhir
Menhir

b. Sarkofagus

Sarkofagus adalah peti mayat yang terbuat dari dua batu yang ditangkupkan. Peninggalan ini banyak ditemukan di Bali.
Sarkofagus
Sarkofagus

c. Dolmen

Dolmen adalah meja batu tempat menaruh sesaji, tempat penghormatan kepada roh nenek moyang, dan tempat meletakan jenazah. Daerah penemuannya adalah Bondowoso, Jawa Timur.
Dolmen
Dolmen

d. Peti Kubur Batu

Peti Kubur Batu adalah lempengan batu besar yang disusun membentuk peti jenazah. Peti kubur batu ditemukan di daerah Kuningan, Jawa Barat.

e. Waruga

Waruga adalah peti kubur batu berukuruan kecil berbentuk kubus atau bulat yang dibuat dari batu utuh. Waruga banyak ditemukan di daerah Sulawesi Tengah dan Sulawesi Utara.
 

f. Arca

Arca adalah patung terbuat dari batu utuh, ada yang menyerupai manusia, kepala manusia, dan hewan. Arca banyak ditemukan di Sumatera Selatan, Lampung, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur.

g. Punden Berundak

Punden berundak-undak merupakan tempat pemujaan. Bangunan ini dibuat dengan menyusun batu secara bertingkat, menyerupai candi. Punden berundak ditemukan di daerah Lebak Sibeduk, Banten Selatan.
Punden berundak
Punden berundak (Sumber: Kompasiana)

5. Kebudayaan Zaman Logam

Kebudayaan perunggu di Indonesia diperkirakan berasal dari daerah bernama Dongson di Tonkin, Vietnam. Kebudayaan Dongson datang ke Indonesia kira-kira abad ke 300 SM di bawa oleh manusia sub ras Deutro Melayu (Melayu Muda) yang mengembara ke wilayah Indonesia. Hasil-hasil kebudayaan zaman logam, antara lain.

a. Nekara

Nekara adalah tambur besar yang berbentuk seperti dandang yang terbalik. Benda ini banyak ditemukan di Bali, Nusatenggara, Maluku, Selayar, dan Irian.

b. Moko

Nekara yang berukuran lebih kecil, ditemukan di Pulau Alor, Nusatenggara Timur. Nekara dan Moko dianggap sebagai benda keramat dan suci.

c. Kapak Perunggu

Kapak perunggu terdiri beberapa macam, ada yang berbentuk pahat, jantung, dan tembilang. Kapak perunggu juga disebut sebagai kapak sepatu atau kapak corong. Daerah penemuannya Sumatera Selatan, Jawa, Bali, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Irian. Kapak perunggu dipergunakan untuk keperluan sehar-hari.
 

d. Candrasa

Sejenis kapak namun bentuknya indah dan satu sisinya panjang, ditemukan di Yogyakarta. Candrasa dipergunakan untuk kepentingan upacara keagamaan dan sebagai tanda kebesaran.
a) Nekara; c) Kapak Perunggu; b) Moko; d) Candrasa. (Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum)
a) Nekara;       c) Kapak Perunggu;
b) Moko;                     d) Candrasa.
(Sumber: Sejarah Nasional Indonesia dan Umum)

e. Perhiasan Perunggu

Benda-benda perhiasan perunggu seperti gelang tangan, gelang kaki, cincin, kalung, bandul kalung pada masa perundagian, banyak ditemukan di daerah Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Bali dan Sumatera.
Perhiasan Perunggu (Sumber: Sejarah untuk SMA)
Perhiasan Perunggu
(Sumber: Sejarah untuk SMA)

f. Manik-manik

Manik-manik adalah benda perhiasan terdiri berbagai ukuran dan bentuk. Manik-manik dipergunakan sebagai perhiasan dan bekal hidup setelah seseorang meninggal dunia. Bentuknya ada silider, segi enam, bulat, dan oval. Daerah penemuannya di Sangiran, Pasemah, Gilimanuk, Bogor, Besuki, dan Buni.
Manik-manik (Sumber: Sejarah untuk SMA)
Manik-manik
(Sumber: Sejarah untuk SMA)

g. Bejana Perunggu

Bejana perunggu adalah benda yang terbuat dari perunggu berfungsi sebagai wadah atau tempat menyimpan makanan. Bentuknya bulat panjang dan menyerupai gitar tanpa tangkai. Benda ini ditemukan di Sumatera dan Madura.

h . Arca Perunggu

Benda bentuk patung yang terbuat dari perunggu menggambar orang yang sedang menari, berdiri, naik kuda, dan memegang panah. Tempat-tempat penemuan di Bangkinang (Riau), Lumajang, Bogor, dan Palembang.

Batu zaman dahulu

PERBEDAAN ZAMAN BATU TUA,TENGAH & MUDA

Zaman Batu terjadi sebelum logam dikenal dan alat-alat kebudayaan terutama dibuat dari batu di samping kayu dan tulang.
Zaman batu ini dapat dibagi lagi atas:

Zaman batu tua (Paleolitikum)

Zaman batu tua (Paleolitikum),disebut demikian sebab alat-alat batu buatan manusia masih dikerjakan secara kasar, tidak diasah atau dipolis. Apabila dilihat dari sudut mata pencariannya periode ini disebut masa berburu dan meramu makanan tingkat sederhana. Pendukung kebudayaan ini adalah Homo Erectus yang terdiri. Zaman batu tua biasa disebut paleozoikum. Paleozoikum atau sering pula disebut sebagai zaman primer atau zaman hidup tua berlangsung selama 340 juta tahun. Makhluk hidup yang muncul pada zaman ini seperti mikro organisme, ikan, ampibi, reptil dan binatang yang tidak bertulang punggung.
Pada zaman ini alat-alat terbuat dari batu yang masih kasar dan belum dihaluskan. Contoh alat-alat tersebut adalah :
• Kapak Genggam, banyak ditemukan di daerah Pacitan. Alat ini biasanya disebut "Chopper" (alat penetak/pemotong)
• Alat-alat dari tulang binatang atau tanduk rusa : alat penusuk (belati), ujung tombak bergerigi
• Flakes, yaitu alat-alat kecil yang terbuat dari batu Chalcedon,yang dapat digunakan untuk mengupas makanan.
Alat-alat dari tulang dan Flakes, termasuk hasil kebudayaan Ngandong. Kegunaan alat-alat ini pada umumnya untuk : berburu, menangkap ikan, mengumpulkan ubi dan buah-buahan. Berdasarkan daerah penemuannya maka alat-alat kebudayaan Paleolithikum tersebut dapat dikelompokan menjadi :


• Kebudayaan Pacitan
• Kebudayaan Ngandong

Manusia pendukung kebudayaan
Pacitan : Pithecanthropus
Ngandong : Homo Wajakensis dan Homo soloensis

Ciri-ciri Zaman Paleolitikum adalah :
1. Jenis Manusia
Berdasarkan penemuan fosil manusia purba, jenis manusia purba hidup pada zaman Paleolitikum adalah Pithecanthropus Erectus, Homo Wajakensis, Meganthropus paleojavanicus, dan Homo Soliensis. Fosil ini ditemukan di aliran sungai Bengawan Solo.
2. Kebudayaan
a. Kebudayaan Pacitan
Pada tahun 1935, von Koenigswald menemukan alat batu dan kapak genggam di daerah Pacitan.Kapak genggam itu berbentuk kapak,tetapi tidak bertangkai. Kapak ini masih dikerjakan dengan sangat kasar dan belum dihaluskan.
Para ahli menyebutkan bahwa kapak itu adalah kapak penetak.Selain di Pacitan alat-alat banyak ditemukan di Progo dan Gombong (Jawa Tengah), Sukabumi (Jawa Barat), dan Lahat (Sumatera Utara)
b. Kebudayaan Ngandong
Para ahli berhasil menemukan alat-alat dari tulang,kapak genggam, alat penusuk dari tanduk rusa dan ujung tombak bergigi di daerah Ngandong dan Sidoarjo.
Selain itu di dekat Sangiran ditemukan alat sangat kecil dari betuan yang amat indah. Alat ini dinamakan Serbih Pilah, dan banyak ditemukan di Cabbenge (Sulawesi Selatan) yang terbuat dari batu-batu indah seperti kalsedon.
Kebudayaan Ngandong juga didukung oleh penemuan lukisan pada dinding goa seperti lukisan tapak tangan berwarna merah dan babi hutan ditemukan di Goa Leang PattaE (Sulawesi Selatan).


Zaman batu tengah (mesolitikum)

Pada Zaman batu tengah (mesolitikum), alat-alat batu zaman ini sebagian sudah dihaluskan terutama bagian yang dipergunakan. Tembikar juga sudah dikenal. Periode ini juga disebut masa berburu dan meramu makanan tingkat lanjut. Pendukung kebudayaan ini adalah homo sapiens (manusia sekarang), yaitu ras Austromelanosoide (mayoritas) dan Mongoloide (minoritas).

1)Kehidupan      Ciri utama peradaban zaman ini adalah manusia telah bertempat tinggal tetap. Para ahli ilmu purbakala menyebutkan bahwa zaman ini berlangsung kurang lebih 20.000 tahun silam dan dianggap sebagai perkembangan “yang lebih cepat” daripada zaman batu tua. Manusia pendukung zaman ini juga bertempat tinggal di gua yang disebut peradaban “abris sous roche”. 2) Hasil Kebudayaan Ciri utama kehidupan zaman ini adalah peninggalan sampah dapur yang menurut penemuanya disebut kjokkenmoddinger. Peradaban ini ditemukan disepanjang pantai timur sumatra, dari aceh sampai sumatra bagian tengah. Disepanjang pantai tersebut ditemukan tumpukan sampah berupa kulit siput dan kerang. Diduga sampah tersebut dibuang dari tempat tinggal mereka dari generasi yang satu ke generasi yang lain sehingga menumpuk. Tumpukan sampah itu disebut kjokkenmoddinger.

3) Keberadaan Teknologi Dari tempat sampah dapur tersebut ditemukan juga kapak genggam yang disebut pebble. Mereka juga menggunakan batu pipih dan batu landasan untuk menggiling makanan serta membuat cat yang diperkirakan ada kaitannyadengan kepercayaan mereka. Mereka menggunakan batu yang lebih halus serta panah bergigi yang terbuat dari tulang-tulang hewan untuk berburu binatang. Mereka juga telah mengenal seni yang berkaitan dengan kepercayaan mereka, seperti gambar dari lukisan tangan berwarna merah dari dinding gua.

4) Manusia Pendukung Manusia pendukung peradaban ini juga menggunakan flake dan microlith atau batu-batu pipih, segitiga dan trapesium yang ukurannya kecil. Batu-batu itu diperkirakan berfungsi sebagai alat pemotong benda-benda yang lunak, seperti daging buruan atau ubi-ubian. Benda-benda tersebut banyak ditemukan didataran tinggi Bandung. Para ahli arkeologi dan geologi berpendapat bahwa pada zaman mesolitikum ini, Bandung yang dikenal sekarang merupakan sebuah danau besar yang dikelilingi oleh gunung-gunung. Tepian danau tersebut merupakan tempat tinggal manusia pendukung peradaban zaman batu tengah (mesolitikum) dan menggunakan alat flake dan microlith.


Zaman batu baru (Neolitikum)

Alat-alat batu buatan manusia Zaman batu baru (Neolithicum) sudah diasah atau dipolis sehingga halus dan indah. Di samping tembikar tenun dan batik juga sudah dikenal. Periode ini disebut masa bercocok tanam. Pendukung kebudayaan ini adalah homo sapiens dengan ras Mongoloide (mayoritas) dan ras Austromelanosoide (minoritas).
Perhiasan (gelang dan kalung dari batu indah), ditemukan di Jawa. Pakaian (dari kulit kayu), Tembikar (periuk belanga), ditemukan di daerah Sumatera, Jawa, Melolo (Sumba).

Manusia Pendukung :
- Proto melayu (Indonesia Barat)
- Papua melanesoid (Indonesia Timur)

Pada zaman ini alat-alat terbuat dari batu yang sudah dihaluskan. Contoh alat tersebut :

1) Kapak Persegi, misalnya : Beliung, Pacul dan Torah untuk mengerjakan kayu. Ditemukan di Sumatera, Jawa, bali, Nusatenggara, Maluku, Sulawesi dan Kalimantan
Fungsi:
- ukuran besar lazim disebut dengan beliung dan fungsinya sebagai cangkul/pacul.
- ukuran kecil disebut dengan Tarah/Tatah dan fungsinya sebagai alat pahat/alat untuk mengerjakan kayu sebagaimana lazimnya pahat.
Bahan untuk membuat kapak tersebut selain dari batu biasa, juga dibuat dari batu api/chalcedon. Kemungkinan besar kapak yang terbuat dari Chalcedon hanya dipergunakan sebagai alat upacara keagamaan, azimat atau tanda kebesaran.

2) Kapak Bahu, sama seperti kapak persegi ,hanya di bagian yang diikatkan pada tangkainya diberi leher. Hanya di temukan di Minahasa.

3) Kapak Lonjong, banyak ditemukan di Irian, Seram, Gorong, Tanimbar, Leti, Minahasa dan Serawak.

Fungsi: Sebagai cangkul/pacul

Cara Hidup :
• Menetap (sendenter)
• Bercocok tanam dan beternak
• Menggunakan bahasa Austronesia
• Sudah mengenal kepercayaan

Peninggalan budaya :
• Kapak persegi
• Kapak lonjong
• Gerabah
• Perhiasan
• Pemukul

gta 4

Grand Theft Auto IV

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Grand Theft Auto IV
Grand Theft Auto IV cover.jpg
Developer(s) Rockstar North
Additional work by:
Rockstar Toronto (PC)[1]
Publisher(s) Rockstar Games
Distributor(s) Take-Two Interactive
Director(s) Rod Edge
John Zurhellen
Aaron Garbut
Adam Fowler
Alexander Roger
Producer(s) Leslie Benzies
Writer(s) Dan Houser
Rupert Humphries
Series Grand Theft Auto
Engine RAGE, Euphoria,
Bullet Physics Library
Platform(s) PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
Release date(s) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360
  • AUS 29 April 2008
  • EU 29 April 2008
  • NA 29 April 2008
Windows
Genre(s) Action-adventure
Mode(s) Single-player, online multiplayer
Distribution Optical disc, download
Grand Theft Auto IV (commonly shortened GTA IV) is a 2008 open world action-adventure video game, developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on 29 April 2008, and for the Microsoft Windows on 2 December 2008. It is set in the fictional Liberty City, based heavily on modern day New York City.[a] The game follows Niko Bellic, a veteran of an unnamed war in Eastern Europe, who comes to the United States in search of someone important, but quickly becomes entangled in a world of gangs, crime, and corruption. Like other games in the series, GTA IV is composed of elements from driving games and third-person shooters, and features open world gameplay, in which players can interact with the game world at their leisure. Grand Theft Auto IV also features several online multiplayer modes.
Two expansion packs have been developed for the game, originally released as downloadable content for the Xbox 360 version throughout 2009. Both The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony feature new plots that are interconnected with the main GTA IV storyline, and follow new protagonists. The two episodes have been released together for all platforms as a stand-alone game called Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City. A bundle that contained both the original GTA IV game and the Episodes was also released, titled Grand Theft Auto IV: The Complete Edition. The 2009 handheld game Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars revisited the Liberty City of GTA IV.
As the first game of the critically acclaimed series to appear on seventh generation consoles, Grand Theft Auto IV was widely anticipated. A major commercial and critical success, it broke industry records with sales of around 3.6 million units on its first day of release and grossing more than $500 million in revenue in the first week, selling an estimated 6 million units worldwide.[3] Grand Theft Auto IV won numerous awards from both gaming and mainstream press, including several recognitions as Game of the Year. As of 2012 the game has sold over 25 million copies. Grand Theft Auto IV is widely regarded by critics as the best game of this generation as well as one of the best games of all time. Game Informer editor Andrew Reiner placed Grand Theft Auto IV on rank 1 on their list of Best Games of this Generation.[4] Empire placed Grand Theft Auto IV 16th on their list of 100 Greatest Games of All Time.[5]

Gameplay

Quite like its predecessors, the core gameplay of GTA IV consists of giving the player a large, open world environment in which to move around freely. On foot, the player character can walk, run, jump, climb over obstacles and swim, as well as use weapons and perform basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can steal and drive a variety of vehicles, including automobiles, boats, helicopters, and motorcycles. Grand Theft Auto IV takes advantage of Natural Motion's Euphoria engine, which combines artificial intelligence, bio-mechanics and physics to make open, non-linear environments that allow players to explore and choose how they wish to play the game. Although completing most of the storyline missions are necessary to progress through the game and unlock certain content and parts of the city, they are not required, as players can complete them at their own leisure. When not attempting a storyline mission, players can free-roam, giving them the ability to do activities. Side missions such as locating and destroying criminals in the police car database or participating in street races can keep the player occupied for hours. The player can also swim just like in the previous entry of the game, this feature was missing from older games.
It is possible to have active missions running at one time, as some missions run over the course of several days and require the player to wait for further instructions or events. The player can also attempt a variety of optional side missions. Grand Theft Auto IV also contains morality choices at points throughout the game, which alter the storyline appropriately depending on the player's choice. Which of the game's two different endings occurs is determined by one of these choices.

Combat and police response

Combat in Grand Theft Auto IV has been reworked to include a cover system.
Gunfights in GTA IV are conducted using a third-person system.[6] The game's cover system allows the player to deftly move between cover, to fire blindly, aim freely, and target a specific enemy. Individual body parts can also be targeted.[7] Additionally, Niko can perform "cinematic executions" at certain points in the story. Niko's health is shown by a green semicircle on the left side of the mini-map, while a blue semicircle on the right represents armour. When locked on a target, their health and (if applicable) armour level appears in the target circle. There are more hand-to-hand combat moves than in past games in the series, namely punching, kicking, "alternative" punching, dodging and blocking, disarming an opponent, and counter-attacking.
If Niko is injured he can recover health by eating, drinking, sleeping, using medical kits, call for paramedics or call a girlfriend for medical advice, amongst others. Body armour can absorb gunshots and explosive damage but is gradually used up in the process.[8] If Niko's health level reaches zero, the action stops, and he re-appears at the nearest hospital having lost some money (but retaining his weapons).
The Wanted Level system has changed from previous Grand Theft Auto games. Although their star levels are retained (which increase with the number or severity of criminal acts by the player, with corresponding increases in law enforcement interference), the law enforcement agencies which may pursue the player have changed, with the focus on making them more realistic. In previous Grand Theft Auto titles, as wanted level rose the player was pursued by increasingly well-armed and violent agencies, culminating with the Army at the highest wanted level. In Grand Theft Auto IV, the police are assisted by NOOSE (National Office of Security Enforcement — a parody of SWAT and DHS[9]) officers at a three-star wanted level, who are joined by either NOOSE's Tactical Response Unit (a parody of the NYPD ESU) or FIB (Federal Investigation Bureau — a parody of the FBI) at even higher wanted levels. In this case the army is not available in the game. Like previous GTA games, a police helicopter pursues the player at a three-star wanted level, but this is replaced by a helicopter gunship at the five-star level, though it utilises sharp-shooters rather than its mounted gatling guns.
When the police are in pursuit of Niko, a circular search area appears on the map in which the police will be lookin

Grand Theft Auto IV

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Grand Theft Auto IV
Grand Theft Auto IV cover.jpg
Developer(s) Rockstar North
Additional work by:
Rockstar Toronto (PC)[1]
Publisher(s) Rockstar Games
Distributor(s) Take-Two Interactive
Director(s) Rod Edge
John Zurhellen
Aaron Garbut
Adam Fowler
Alexander Roger
Producer(s) Leslie Benzies
Writer(s) Dan Houser
Rupert Humphries
Series Grand Theft Auto
Engine RAGE, Euphoria,
Bullet Physics Library
Platform(s) PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
Release date(s) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360
  • AUS 29 April 2008
  • EU 29 April 2008
  • NA 29 April 2008
Windows
Genre(s) Action-adventure
Mode(s) Single-player, online multiplayer
Distribution Optical disc, download
Grand Theft Auto IV (commonly shortened GTA IV) is a 2008 open world action-adventure video game, developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on 29 April 2008, and for the Microsoft Windows on 2 December 2008. It is set in the fictional Liberty City, based heavily on modern day New York City.[a] The game follows Niko Bellic, a veteran of an unnamed war in Eastern Europe, who comes to the United States in search of someone important, but quickly becomes entangled in a world of gangs, crime, and corruption. Like other games in the series, GTA IV is composed of elements from driving games and third-person shooters, and features open world gameplay, in which players can interact with the game world at their leisure. Grand Theft Auto IV also features several online multiplayer modes.
Two expansion packs have been developed for the game, originally released as downloadable content for the Xbox 360 version throughout 2009. Both The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony feature new plots that are interconnected with the main GTA IV storyline, and follow new protagonists. The two episodes have been released together for all platforms as a stand-alone game called Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City. A bundle that contained both the original GTA IV game and the Episodes was also released, titled Grand Theft Auto IV: The Complete Edition. The 2009 handheld game Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars revisited the Liberty City of GTA IV.
As the first game of the critically acclaimed series to appear on seventh generation consoles, Grand Theft Auto IV was widely anticipated. A major commercial and critical success, it broke industry records with sales of around 3.6 million units on its first day of release and grossing more than $500 million in revenue in the first week, selling an estimated 6 million units worldwide.[3] Grand Theft Auto IV won numerous awards from both gaming and mainstream press, including several recognitions as Game of the Year. As of 2012 the game has sold over 25 million copies. Grand Theft Auto IV is widely regarded by critics as the best game of this generation as well as one of the best games of all time. Game Informer editor Andrew Reiner placed Grand Theft Auto IV on rank 1 on their list of Best Games of this Generation.[4] Empire placed Grand Theft Auto IV 16th on their list of 100 Greatest Games of All Time.[5]

Gameplay

Quite like its predecessors, the core gameplay of GTA IV consists of giving the player a large, open world environment in which to move around freely. On foot, the player character can walk, run, jump, climb over obstacles and swim, as well as use weapons and perform basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can steal and drive a variety of vehicles, including automobiles, boats, helicopters, and motorcycles. Grand Theft Auto IV takes advantage of Natural Motion's Euphoria engine, which combines artificial intelligence, bio-mechanics and physics to make open, non-linear environments that allow players to explore and choose how they wish to play the game. Although completing most of the storyline missions are necessary to progress through the game and unlock certain content and parts of the city, they are not required, as players can complete them at their own leisure. When not attempting a storyline mission, players can free-roam, giving them the ability to do activities. Side missions such as locating and destroying criminals in the police car database or participating in street races can keep the player occupied for hours. The player can also swim just like in the previous entry of the game, this feature was missing from older games.
It is possible to have active missions running at one time, as some missions run over the course of several days and require the player to wait for further instructions or events. The player can also attempt a variety of optional side missions. Grand Theft Auto IV also contains morality choices at points throughout the game, which alter the storyline appropriately depending on the player's choice. Which of the game's two different endings occurs is determined by one of these choices.

Combat and police response

Combat in Grand Theft Auto IV has been reworked to include a cover system.
Gunfights in GTA IV are conducted using a third-person system.[6] The game's cover system allows the player to deftly move between cover, to fire blindly, aim freely, and target a specific enemy. Individual body parts can also be targeted.[7] Additionally, Niko can perform "cinematic executions" at certain points in the story. Niko's health is shown by a green semicircle on the left side of the mini-map, while a blue semicircle on the right represents armour. When locked on a target, their health and (if applicable) armour level appears in the target circle. There are more hand-to-hand combat moves than in past games in the series, namely punching, kicking, "alternative" punching, dodging and blocking, disarming an opponent, and counter-attacking.
If Niko is injured he can recover health by eating, drinking, sleeping, using medical kits, call for paramedics or call a girlfriend for medical advice, amongst others. Body armour can absorb gunshots and explosive damage but is gradually used up in the process.[8] If Niko's health level reaches zero, the action stops, and he re-appears at the nearest hospital having lost some money (but retaining his weapons).
The Wanted Level system has changed from previous Grand Theft Auto games. Although their star levels are retained (which increase with the number or severity of criminal acts by the player, with corresponding increases in law enforcement interference), the law enforcement agencies which may pursue the player have changed, with the focus on making them more realistic. In previous Grand Theft Auto titles, as wanted level rose the player was pursued by increasingly well-armed and violent agencies, culminating with the Army at the highest wanted level. In Grand Theft Auto IV, the police are assisted by NOOSE (National Office of Security Enforcement — a parody of SWAT and DHS[9]) officers at a three-star wanted level, who are joined by either NOOSE's Tactical Response Unit (a parody of the NYPD ESU) or FIB (Federal Investigation Bureau — a parody of the FBI) at even higher wanted levels. In this case the army is not available in the game. Like previous GTA games, a police helicopter pursues the player at a three-star wanted level, but this is replaced by a helicopter gunship at the five-star level, though it utilises sharp-shooters rather than its mounted gatling guns.
When the police are in pursuit of Niko, a circular search area appears on the map in which the police will be looking for him. The area grows with increased wanted level, and re-centres itself on Niko's location if he is spotted by the police. If the player escapes from the search area without being seen by law enforcement units, and can stay out of sight of police for a short time without committing any more crimes, the search is soon aborted. This is different from the previous methods of evading authorities such as changing clothes and collecting bribes. Wanted levels can also be lost either by changing the colour of the current vehicle, or entering a safehouse and going to sleep. The player has the option of attempting to escape arrest before being handcuffed, at the cost of increasing the wanted level by one star (the traditional bold letters that note "Busted" for arrest are absent), although the police will immediately open fire. However, this move is only possible with a one star wanted level, as the police will focus more on killing the player at higher wanted levels, rather than arresting him, and is only possible when the player is on foot, as like previous games, the player is immediately arrested when pulled out of a vehicle.[7][10][11]

Vehicles

Common to the rest of the series, vehicles are the predominant means of travel in GTA IV, with cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats and even city buses available for use. Every vehicle in the game uses the in-game minimap as a GPS device. "Way points" can be placed on the map, plotting the shortest legal route between Niko and the destination on the minimap. The player can also hail a taxi or cab, which allows travel between destinations without having to drive. The journey can also be skipped, so the player arrives at their destination instantly. However, if the player decides to skip the journey, it will cost them more money. During car chases, the player can focus the camera on the target vehicle by holding the cinematic camera button, and also free-aim and fire out of the vehicle using one-handed firearms. The player may also drop grenades.[12] The player cannot pilot fixed-wing aircraft, which was possible in previous games of the series, but can still pilot helicopters. The main game also lacks parachutes, though they were later reintroduced in The Ballad of Gay Tony. Liberty City also has an extensive, multiple-line subway system available for use. This allows the player to travel quickly between stations across the city. The service is very cheap, as the cost is only $1 per station. There are 26 stations in total across the map with a 27th station, called Dukes Blvd, closed for maintenance. The subway tunnels can be optionally explored on foot or in some vehicles, too.

Communication

Whereas previous games in the series frequently used public telephones to relay missions to the player, in Grand Theft Auto IV a 'Whiz Wireless' mobile phone is used.[13] It has several uses, including viewing text messages and appointments, arranging to meet friends for activities, and also for choosing to retry failed missions.[14] The player can also take photos for certain missions, and call 911 to summon the emergency services.[15] The police will arrest felons, and paramedics are able to restore Niko's health.[16] The phone also allows access to the game's multiplayer mode.[17] The player can also call other characters to talk to them, or ask for a service that they can provide, such as transportation or a reduction in wanted level.[18] The player can also enter cheat codes that may be entered by dialling certain numbers on the mobile phone.[19]
The game also features several different in-game databases that Niko can make use of. An in-game version of the Internet can be used by accessing the Internet café chain, "TW@", located throughout the city or by accessing a computer in a safehouse. There are over 100 fictitious websites that can be accessed within the game, and Niko can also send and receive email (including junk mail) and set up prospective dates.[20] Although the Internet café was seen in Grand Theft Auto III, internet browsing was not possible.[21] In a police vehicle, Niko can use an in-car computer to access Liberty City's criminal database, discover information about various criminals in Liberty City and even track them down for a reward.[22] The game also features in-game television programming, with several viewable channels featuring programmes and advertisements. The television shows cover a wide variety of genres, including a history channel, reality shows, card games, and cartoons.[23]

Multiplayer

Grand Theft Auto IV includes online multiplayer, with 15 modes of play available.[24] It supports up to 16 players (32 players in the PC version[25]) and allows players to explore the entire city.[26] Hosts of the games can control many variables, such as police presence, traffic, and weapons. The console editions of the game do not feature any split screen or LAN multiplayer modes,[27] but the PC version does have LAN support. All versions of the game include voice chat.
The online games are split into ranked and unranked matches. The reward for the ranked gameplay is cash, which determines players' ranks.[28]
Several different game modes are available. Team based gameplay modes include[29] Team Deathmatch, where 2–8 teams compete to accumulate the most kills in a traditional deathmatch; Team Mafiya Work, in which 2–8 teams compete to complete contract work for the "mafiya", such as escorting/killing targets or stealing cars; Team Car Jack City where 2–8 teams compete to steal cars and earn money for keeping them undamaged; Cops n' Crooks, featuring a team of cops who must compete against a team of crooks (which features the "All for One" variation – requiring the cops to kill the crooks' "Boss" before he is escorted to the extraction point – and the "One for All" variation – requiring the cops to kill all of the crooks before they reach the extraction point); and Turf War, involving two teams who compete to take control of designated areas of the map and control them for as long as possible.
The game also includes a variety of racing and cooperative modes, which include Race, in which players race through checkpoints in a traditional automobile race; a GTA race variation, where players race through checkpoints in an automobile race, with the ability to combat their opponents; Hangman's N.O.O.S.E., a co-op mode that requires players to collect a person from the airport and safely escort him to the extraction point before the cops kill him; Deal Breaker, a co-op mission that requires players to assault a construction site captured by enemies, then chase a group of enemies before they escape; and Bomb da Base II, a co-op mission that requires players to clear out a ship, then destroy it with explosives, referencing the mission Bomb Da Base from Grand Theft Auto III which featured a similar objective of destroying a ship with explosives. The game also features a Free Mode, in which players have the entire map open to explore, with no end goal or mission to complete.
Certain features from the single player mode are disabled in the multiplayer modes, such as the bowling, darts, and pool mini-games. The cheats, clubs and Internet café and some forms of transport (i.e. subway trains and taxi ride) are also disabled.[30]

Synopsis

Grand Theft Auto series
fictional chronology

2D universe
1961London, 1961
1969London, 1969
1997Grand Theft Auto
1999Grand Theft Auto 2

3D universe
1984Vice City Stories
1986Vice City
1992San Andreas
1998Liberty City Stories
2000Advance
2001Grand Theft Auto III

HD universe
2008Grand Theft Auto IV
         – The Lost and Damned
         – The Ballad of Gay Tony
2009Chinatown Wars
2013Grand Theft Auto V

Plot

Grand Theft Auto IV follows the story of Niko Bellic, a veteran of an unnamed war in Eastern Europe, who is haunted by the betrayal of his 15 man army unit. Ten years later, after a smuggling run goes bad due to a betrayal from a partner, Niko leaves Eastern Europe[31] to escape the anger of his employer, Ray Bulgarin. After six months in the merchant navy (serving aboard the cargo ship the Platypus), and believing the stories of his cousin Roman, Niko comes to Liberty City to pursue the American Dream as well as searching for the traitor of his unit. After his arrival, however, Niko quickly learns that Roman's tales of riches and luxury were lies concealing struggles with gambling debts and loansharks, and that Roman lives in a dirty apartment rather than a mansion.
Niko defends Roman from his loansharks several times, eventually killing Vlad Glebov, Roman's Russian loanshark. Niko also begins dating a friend of Mallorie's named Michelle and befriends Jamaican drug and arms dealer "Little" Jacob Hughes. Niko also befriends steroid junkie and chop shop owner Bruce "Brucie" Kibbutz.
After Vlad's murder, Niko and Roman are kidnapped by members of the Liberty City Bratva, on order of Mikhail Faustin and his associate, Dimitri Rascalov. Faustin, not bothered by the murder of Vlad, hires Niko, who quickly learns that he's a psychopath when he orders Niko to kill the son of Kenny Petrović, the most powerful man in the Liberty City Bratva. Dimitri then orders Niko to assassinate Faustin, and when Niko meets with Dimitri to collect on the assassination, Dimitri betrays Niko to his angry former employer Ray Bulgarin.
Immediately afterwards, Niko and Roman are forced to escape to Bohan when their apartment and taxi company are destroyed in arson attacks by Dimitri's men. To make ends meet Niko takes jobs for former gangbanger Manny Escuela, Bohan drug dealer Elizabeta Torres, Irish mobster Patrick "Packie" McReary, and Algonquin drug dealer Playboy X. Niko also becomes an errand boy for both Mafia Capo Ray Boccino and crooked Deputy Police Commissioner Francis McReary.
However, things go poorly in Bohan: one of the drug deals that Niko is working for Elizabeta turns out to be a sting and another is busted. After the latter incident, Niko's current girlfriend Michelle then reveals that she works for a government agency and entraps Niko into working for Michelle's agency, known only by its cover: United Liberty Paper. Niko kills several known or suspected terrorists for the agency in exchange for the promise of assistance in finding the man who betrayed Niko's unit. The Liberty City Police Department begins to close in on Elizabeta, who kills Manny when he attempts a citizens arrest. Soon afterwards Elizabeta is arrested, and sentenced to 300 years imprisonment.
Niko assists Boccino in a conflict diamond deal with diamond dealer Isaac Roth, which goes badly and leads to the diamonds and the money being stolen by Luis Lopez and Johnny Klebitz, respectively. In exchange for Niko's help, Boccino locates Florian Cravic, the man that Niko has been searching for. However, when Niko confronts Cravic he discovers that he's changed his name to Bernie Crane and has become an effeminate homosexual, and he determines that Bernie is not responsible for his unit's betrayal, leaving one remaining suspect: Darko Brevic. Niko also works for both Playboy X and Playboy's mentor Dwayne Forge. After Niko kills Playboy's business partners as a favour for Forge, the relationship between Playboy and Forge becomes so poisonous that each asks Niko to kill the other, leaving Niko a choice between the two.
While in Algonquin, Niko develops a strong connection with the McReary family, including Packie's older brothers Gerald and Derrick, and their sister Kate, with whom he begins a non-sexual relationship. Together Niko, Packie, Derrick, and "Saint" Michael Keane, heist the Bank of Liberty in Algonquin. However, the robbery does not go smoothly; Michael is killed and the others are forced to shoot their way out past the police to escape. After the robbery, Niko works with Gerry McReary to destroy the relationship between the Ancelotti Crime Family and their Albanian muscle-men.
Meanwhile, Derrick spends most of his share on drugs and alcohol, and sends Niko to eliminate former partners he believes are informing on him. Francis soon becomes concerned that Derrick's drug behaviour could ruin his plans to become police commissioner, and tells Niko to kill Derrick. Soon after, Derrick asks Niko to kill Francis, which gives Niko a choice between the two. In either case Niko, is invited to the funeral and informed that Gerry has been arrested.
After his incarceration, Gerry contacts Niko and asks him to help in the kidnapping of Gracie, the daughter of the Don of the Ancelloti Family, in exchange for a ransom of the stolen diamonds. However after exchanging Gracie to "Gay" Tony Prince for the diamonds, Niko and Packie are surprised by Ray Bulgarin, who claims the diamonds are his. In the ensuing gunfight the diamonds are thrown into a passing dumptruck and lost.
Niko also does work for the Pegorino family in Alderney, mainly with Associate Phil Bell, stealing heroin, and later for Don Jimmy Pegorino. This leads to a war between the Pegorinos, Pavanos, and Ancellottis. Eventually, Niko is sent to kill Ray Boccino because Pegorino is convinced that he is an informant.
United Liberty Paper eventually locates Darko Brevic and brings him to Liberty City as a final reward. Niko confronts Darko, who is now a drug-addicted wreck, and learns that Darko betrayed the group for $1,000. Niko then has to choose to either execute or spare Darko. Having dealt with his past, Niko is summoned by Pegorino, who demands one final favour: to help with an extremely lucrative deal on the heroin in collusion with Dimitri Rascalov.[29]
The story then features two possible endings depending on the choice made by the player at this point in the game: to strike a Deal with Dimitri or exact Revenge on him.
Deal
If the player chooses to go through with the Deal, Niko meets Phil to retrieve the money once Dimitri delivers the heroin to another location. However Dimitri takes the heroin for himself instead, and Niko and Phil are forced to fight to escape, but retrieve the drug money regardless. Kate, who was against making the deal, is disappointed with Niko and refuses to attend Roman and Mallorie's wedding with Niko. At the wedding, an assassin sent by Dimitri kills Roman with a stray bullet as Niko disarms and kills him. A devastated and vengeful Niko - with Little Jacob's help - follows some henchmen to where Dimitri and Pegorino are hiding. There he witnesses Dimitri kill Pegorino out of greed before escaping in a helicopter. Niko chases Dimitri to Happiness Island, where he kills him in the shadow of the Statue of Happiness. The story ends with Niko concerned for the well-being of his soul. After the end credits, Mallorie reveals to Niko in a phone call that she is pregnant with Roman's son, and later Kate calls Niko, saying that she will be there for him.
Revenge
If the player chooses to exact Revenge, Niko ambushes Dimitri on the cargo ship Platypus - the same cargo ship that brought Niko into Liberty City - and executes him. In the aftermath, Roman and Mallorie's wedding takes place, but Pegorino, furious after Niko's betrayal, commits a drive-by shooting outside the church, targets Niko, but ends up killing Kate. However, now that Pegorino has lost his ally Dimitri and angered both Niko (and thereby his many friends) and the five mafia families, the entire underworld of Liberty City wants him dead and he goes into hiding. With Little Jacob's help and Roman's support, Niko follows some henchmen to Pegorino's location where Niko attempts to kill him, but Pegorino escapes. Niko chases and executes Pegorino in the shadow of the Statue of Happiness. After the end credits, Roman reveals to Niko in a phone call that Mallorie is pregnant, and if it is a girl, they will call her Kate, in memory of Niko's girlfriend. Packie later calls him and mourns over the loss of his sister, telling Niko that she never did anything wrong, but it was her brothers that did.

Setting

GTA IV's rendition of Liberty City closely resembles modern New York City.[32]
Grand Theft Auto IV takes place in 2008, in a redesigned version of Liberty City consisting of four boroughs, based on four of the boroughs of New York City.[32] Broker is the equivalent of Brooklyn; Queens is Dukes; Bronx is Bohan and Manhattan is Algonquin. Adjacent to the city is the independent state of Alderney, based on Northern New Jersey and named after the Channel Island of the same name. The developers omitted a Staten Island-esque area, believing that gameplay based in such an area would not be fun.[33] There are three minor islands present: Charge Island (based loosely on Randall's Island), Colony Island (based on Roosevelt Island), and Happiness Island (based on Liberty Island and complete with a parody of the Statue of Liberty called the Statue of Happiness). Initially, the city's bridges are locked down due to a terrorist threat, and the player is constantly pursued by police if they are crossed, but eventually the blockades are lifted and the player is able to cross the Broker, Algonquin and Northwood Heights bridges and explore the rest of the city. The "Francis International Airport" is based on several New York City-area airports, most notably LaGuardia and JFK, however in a departure from past GTA games, exploring the tarmac area of the airport outside of missions usually carries a penalty of a high wanted level being triggered.
The protagonist Niko Bellic with the main antagonist Dimitri Rascalov at a seaside amusement park.

Main characters

The characters that appear in Grand Theft Auto IV are diverse and relative to the respective boroughs of Liberty City they are based in; belonging to various gangs and ethnic groups. The player controls Niko Bellic, an eastern European veteran of an unknown war. According to Dan Houser, virtually none of the characters from the previous games would return, as "most of the characters we liked were dead,"[33] further evidenced by in-game graffiti bidding farewell to these characters.[29]
Unlike previous games in the series, the voice actors of Grand Theft Auto IV do not include notable and high-profile celebrities, instead opting for lesser known actors, such as Michael Hollick, Jason Zumwalt, Timothy Adams and Coolie Ranx. Katt Williams and Ricky Gervais have their likenesses and comedy depicted in an in-game comedy club.[29] Actress/singer Juliette Lewis and actor/comedian Jason Sudeikis, meanwhile, both provide radio DJ voiceovers that the player can listen to.
The storyline and the timeline of the game is not consistent with the rest of the series' canon, and its plot is not related to that of the other games, but the storyline will be inter-connected with that of Grand Theft Auto V, and several minor characters will have small appearances in the next game.

Soundtrack

Like previous games in the GTA series, Grand Theft Auto IV features a soundtrack that can be heard through radio stations while the player is in a vehicle. Liberty City is serviced by 19 radio stations, three of which are talk radio stations. The other stations feature music from a large range of genres. There are notable inclusions to the game's soundtrack, such as tracks from Jean Michel Jarre, Genesis, David Bowie, Smashing Pumpkins, The Sisters of Mercy, Seryoga, Bob Marley, Don Omar, The Who, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Black Sabbath, Philip Glass, Simian Mobile Disco, Nas, Ne-Yo, Kanye West, R. Kelly, Lloyd, Miles Davis, Loose Ends, Elton John, ZZ Top, R.E.M., MC Lyte and Barry White.
The theme song of Grand Theft Auto IV is "Soviet Connection" composed by Michael Hunter, who also composed the theme for Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[34] People who provide voices for the radio DJs include fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld, musicians Iggy Pop,[35] Femi Kuti,[36] Jimmy Gestapo[37] and Ruslana,[38] and real-life radio talk show host Lazlow Jones.[39] Saturday Night Live actors Bill Hader and Jason Sudeikis appear on the liberal and conservative radio talk shows respectively, with Fred Armisen playing several guests on Lazlow's "Integrity 2.0". Numerous other comedians, including Jim Norton, Patrice O'Neal, Rick Shapiro, and Robert Kelly, as well as radio hosts Opie & Anthony appeared on the radio and/or as characters in-game.
The game uses a similar music system to that of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. In other games in the series, each radio station was essentially a single looped sound file, playing the same songs, announcements and advertisements in the same order each time. With the radio stations in Grand Theft Auto IV, each sound file is held separately, and sequenced randomly, allowing songs to be played in different orders, announcements to songs to be different each time, and plot events to be mentioned on the stations. Certain songs are also edited to incorporate references to the fictional Liberty City.[34]
Following a partnership between Rockstar Games and Amazon.com, players are able to purchase real world MP3s through GTA IV's in-game mobile phone.[40] Players are able to mark radio songs that they like by dialling ZIT-555-0100 on Niko's phone. They will then receive a text message providing the name of the song and the artist. If registered on Rockstar's 'Social Club' website, a player will also receive a real world e-mail with a link to an Amazon.com playlist where all of the player's marked songs will be listed and available to purchase.[41]

Development

Mural ad for the game on a wall in New York City, July 2007.
Work on Grand Theft Auto IV began in November 2004, almost immediately after the release of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[33] Around 150 game developers worked on Grand Theft Auto IV,[42] led by core members of the Grand Theft Auto III team.[43] The game uses Rockstar's own RAGE game engine, which was previously used in Rockstar Table Tennis, in combination with the Euphoria game animation engine.[44] Instead of pre-written animations, Euphoria uses procedural animation to control the way the player moves, enabling character movements to be more realistic.[45] The Euphoria engine also enables NPCs to react in a realistic way to the player's actions. In one preview, a player knocked an NPC out of a window and the character grabbed onto a ledge to stop himself from falling.[46] The game also uses middleware from Image Metrics to facilitate intricate facial expressions and ease the process of incorporating lip-synching.[47] Foliage in the game is produced through SpeedTree.[48]
Grand Theft Auto IV sees a shift in the series to a more realistic and detailed style and tone,[33] partly a result of the transition to consoles which offered high-definition graphics and the new and improved capabilities of such consoles.[43] Rockstar co-founder Dan Houser said "what we're taking as our watchword on [GTA IV] is the idea of what high definition actually means. Not just in terms of graphics, which obviously we are achieving, but in terms of all aspects of the design. [...] You know, trying to make something more realistic, more held together, but still retaining the overall coherence that the other games had."[33] Art director Aaron Garbut said one of the reasons they decided to set the game in New York because "we all knew what an amazing, diverse, vibrant, cinematic city it is. [...] And since we were hoping to push the detail, variety and life, for lack of a better word, to such a degree it seemed that basing the game in a city so synonymous with these things was a great fit."[49] Dan Houser added "because we were working in high definition and we knew we'd need a shitload of research, we wanted to be somewhere where we had a foothold."[43] The developers consciously avoided creating a block for block recreation of New York City, Dan Houser said "what we've always tried to do is make a thing that looks real and has the qualities of a real environment, but is also fun from a game design perspective."[33] The Grand Theft Auto IV rendition of Liberty City is far more detailed and is the largest individual city in the Grand Theft Auto series.[50] Although smaller than San Andreas, Liberty City is comparable to it in terms of scope when "the level of verticality of the city, the number of buildings you can go into, and the level of detail in those buildings" are taken into account.[50] The goal for Liberty City was to have no dead spots or irrelevant spaces, such as the wide open deserts in San Andreas.[33] To achieve a realistic environment, the Rockstar North team, based in Edinburgh, Scotland, made two trips to New York for research, one at the start of the project (which is done with every GTA game) and another smaller one further into development.[49] A full-time research team, based in New York, handled further requests for information ranging from the ethnic minority of a neighbourhood to videos of traffic patterns.[43]
The story of Grand Theft Auto IV was written by Dan Houser and Rupert Humphries.[29] Unlike previous Grand Theft Auto games which have a strong cultural or cinematic influence, "[GTA IV doesn't] really have any cinematic influences",[33] said Dan Houser, "we were consciously trying to go, well, if videogames are going to develop into the next stage, then the thing isn't to try and do a loving tribute or reference other stuff. It's to reference the actual place itself".[43] Houser also said, "In terms of the character, we wanted something that felt fresh and new and not something that was obviously derived from [a] movie. [...] Maybe [we] could do something ourselves that would live alongside that stuff".[43]
Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich said "[we had] to pick the songs that make New York today what it is, but make sure they won't feel dated by the time the game comes out."[51] The developers contacted over 2,000 people in order to obtain recording and publishing rights.[34] They even hired a private investigator to locate the relatives of late Skatt Bros. member Sean Delaney to license the band's song, "Walk the Night".[52] Citing sources close to the deals, Billboard reported that Rockstar paid as much as $5,000 per composition and another $5,000 per master recording per track.[53] Developers originally considered letting players purchase music by going to an in-game record shop and for Niko to have an MP3 player, but both ideas were cut.[34] DJ Green Lantern produced tracks exclusively for the game's hip-hop radio station The Beat 102.7.[53] Record label owner and record producer Bobby Konders, who hosts the in-game radio station Massive B Soundsystem 96.9, went through the extra effort of flying to Jamaica to get dancehall artists to re-record tracks to make references to the boroughs of Liberty City.[53]
The Corporate Vice-President of Microsoft's Interactive Entertainment Business division, Peter Moore, announced at E3 2006 that the game would appear on Xbox 360, by rolling up his sleeve to reveal a GTA IV temporary tattoo.[54] Rockstar Games initially appeared to be committed to the original 16 October 2007 release date; however, Wedbush Morgan analyst Michael Pachter suggested that Take-Two may choose to delay the release of the game in order to boost its financial results for 2008 and to avoid competing with the release of other highly anticipated titles, such as Halo 3.[55] Rockstar responded by saying that Grand Theft Auto IV was still on track for release in "late October".[56] On 2 August 2007, Take-Two announced that Grand Theft Auto IV would miss its original release date of 16 October 2007 contrary to their previous statements, and would be delayed to their second fiscal quarter (February–April) of 2008.[57] In a later conference call with investors, Take-Two's Strauss Zelnick attributed the delay to "almost strictly technological problems ... not problems, but challenges."[58] It was revealed that technical difficulties with the PlayStation 3 version of the game contributed to the delay, along with storage problems on the Xbox 360.[59] On 24 January 2008, Take-Two announced that Grand Theft Auto IV would be released on 29 April 2008.[60] As the release date approached, Rockstar Games and Take-Two marketed the game heavily through various forms, including television ads, Internet video, billboards, viral marketing, and a redesigned website. A special edition of the game was also released for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[61] At a Take-Two shareholder meeting on 18 April 2008, Take-Two CEO Ben Feder announced that GTA IV had already "gone gold" and was "in production and in trucks en route to retailers".[62] The game was eventually released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles in Europe, North America, and Oceania on 29 April 2008,[60] and in Japan on 30 October 2008.[63] A Microsoft Windows version of the game was released in North America on 2 December 2008 and in Europe on 3 December 2008.[2][64][65] It was made available on Steam on 4 January 2009.[66] Overall, Grand Theft Auto IV took over 1000 people and more than three and a half years to complete, with a total cost estimated at approximately $100 million, making it one of the most expensive games ever developed[67] (as of 2012 only Star Wars: The Old Republic has been reported to have a higher development cost than that of Grand Theft Auto IV).[68][69]

Episodic content

The cover art for Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City.
Two episodic packs for Grand Theft Auto IV have been released. These two episodes were first released separately on Xbox Live as downloadable content (DLC), requiring the original game to play. Following that in October 2009 they were released together as part of a standalone game called Grand Theft Auto: Episodes From Liberty City for the Xbox 360 that does not require the original Grand Theft Auto IV media to be playable.[70] The first expansion is entitled The Lost and Damned, originally released on 17 February 2009.[71] The second is entitled The Ballad of Gay Tony, released on 29 October 2009.[72][73][74] Both episodes were released for PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows on 13 April 2010[75] in North America and on 16 April 2010[75] in Europe.[76]
The Lost and Damned features a new central character, Johnny Klebitz, a member of Liberty City's biker gang The Lost, which was featured in several GTA IV missions. Dan Houser stated the episode shows "a different side of Liberty City".[74] The Ballad of Gay Tony also features a new central character, Luis Fernando Lopez, an assistant to nightclub owner Tony "Gay Tony" Prince, and follows him as he resolves the conflicts of his friends, family, and boss.[70]
Jeronimo Barrera, Vice President of Product Development for Rockstar Games, has said that the episodes are experiments because they are not sure that there are enough users with access to online content on the Xbox 360.[77] Take-Two Interactive's Chief Financial Officer, Lainie Goldstein revealed that Microsoft was paying a total of $50 million for the first two episodes.[78]
In January 2010 Rockstar announced that the DLC as well as Episodes From Liberty City would be made available for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows on 13 April 2010 in North America[75][79] and 16 April 2010 in Europe.[75]
Grand Theft Auto IV: The Complete Edition, including the original Grand Theft Auto IV and its two episodic expansions, was listed on online stores[80] before being confirmed by Rockstar. The compilation was released on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows on 26 October 2010 in North America, and 29 October in Europe.[81]

Community features

The Rockstar Games Social Club is a web site that displays the gameplay statistics of registered users and feature competitions and awards based on player activity within the game.[82] The website was announced on 27 March 2008 and launched on 17 April 2008. The main features of Social Club launched on the same date of the game itself 29 April 2008. Social Club provides online features for Rockstar's latest Midnight Club game, Midnight Club: Los Angeles. Social Club consists of multiple parts. It initially included the LCPD Police Blotter, The Story Gang, The 100% Club, The Hall Of Fame, The Liberty City Marathon and The Zit.
In an interview with PlayStation World magazine, Rockstar mentioned that they will "heavily support" Sony's PlayStation Home, a community-based service for the PlayStation Network. Rockstar also mentioned that visitors to their PlayStation Home apartment would receive 'goodies' such as clothing for their avatar and items and decorations for their own PlayStation Home apartment.[83] Rockstar also announced that Xbox Live users will gain exclusives in the form of downloadable content and a multiplayer modding tool.[84]

Windows version

The Windows version of GTA IV includes a replay editor. This screenshot shows the Clips interface which is used to capture game footage.
On 6 August 2008, Rockstar announced that a Microsoft Windows version was in development by Rockstar North and Rockstar Toronto.[1][64] The game was originally announced for release in North America on 18 November 2008 and in Europe on 21 November 2008 but was later pushed back to 2 and 3 December 2008, respectively.[2][64][65]
It contains expanded features,[64] including traffic density control, draw distance configurations and a replay editor.[85][86][87][88] The replay editor allows players to record and edit game clips, videos can then be uploaded to Rockstar's Social Club website.[88] It utilises Games for Windows - Live for online play and supports 32 players for multiplayer.[25][89] SecuROM protection is utilised and a one time online activation is required in order to play the game.[90]
g for him. The area grows with increased wanted level, and re-centres itself on Niko's location if he is spotted by the police. If the player escapes from the search area without being seen by law enforcement units, and can stay out of sight of police for a short time without committing any more crimes, the search is soon aborted. This is different from the previous methods of evading authorities such as changing clothes and collecting bribes. Wanted levels can also be lost either by changing the colour of the current vehicle, or entering a safehouse and going to sleep. The player has the option of attempting to escape arrest before being handcuffed, at the cost of increasing the wanted level by one star (the traditional bold letters that note "Busted" for arrest are absent), although the police will immediately open fire. However, this move is only possible with a one star wanted level, as the police will focus more on killing the player at higher wanted levels, rather than arresting him, and is only possible when the player is on foot, as like previous games, the player is immediately arrested when pulled out of a vehicle.[7][10][11]

Vehicles

Common to the rest of the series, vehicles are the predominant means of travel in GTA IV, with cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats and even city buses available for use. Every vehicle in the game uses the in-game minimap as a GPS device. "Way points" can be placed on the map, plotting the shortest legal route between Niko and the destination on the minimap. The player can also hail a taxi or cab, which allows travel between destinations without having to drive. The journey can also be skipped, so the player arrives at their destination instantly. However, if the player decides to skip the journey, it will cost them more money. During car chases, the player can focus the camera on the target vehicle by holding the cinematic camera button, and also free-aim and fire out of the vehicle using one-handed firearms. The player may also drop grenades.[12] The player cannot pilot fixed-wing aircraft, which was possible in previous games of the series, but can still pilot helicopters. The main game also lacks parachutes, though they were later reintroduced in The Ballad of Gay Tony. Liberty City also has an extensive, multiple-line subway system available for use. This allows the player to travel quickly between stations across the city. The service is very cheap, as the cost is only $1 per station. There are 26 stations in total across the map with a 27th station, called Dukes Blvd, closed for maintenance. The subway tunnels can be optionally explored on foot or in some vehicles, too.

Communication

Whereas previous games in the series frequently used public telephones to relay missions to the player, in Grand Theft Auto IV a 'Whiz Wireless' mobile phone is used.[13] It has several uses, including viewing text messages and appointments, arranging to meet friends for activities, and also for choosing to retry failed missions.[14] The player can also take photos for certain missions, and call 911 to summon the emergency services.[15] The police will arrest felons, and paramedics are able to restore Niko's health.[16] The phone also allows access to the game's multiplayer mode.[17] The player can also call other characters to talk to them, or ask for a service that they can provide, such as transportation or a reduction in wanted level.[18] The player can also enter cheat codes that may be entered by dialling certain numbers on the mobile phone.[19]
The game also features several different in-game databases that Niko can make use of. An in-game version of the Internet can be used by accessing the Internet café chain, "TW@", located throughout the city or by accessing a computer in a safehouse. There are over 100 fictitious websites that can be accessed within the game, and Niko can also send and receive email (including junk mail) and set up prospective dates.[20] Although the Internet café was seen in Grand Theft Auto III, internet browsing was not possible.[21] In a police vehicle, Niko can use an in-car computer to access Liberty City's criminal database, discover information about various criminals in Liberty City and even track them down for a reward.[22] The game also features in-game television programming, with several viewable channels featuring programmes and advertisements. The television shows cover a wide variety of genres, including a history channel, reality shows, card games, and cartoons.[23]

Multiplayer

Grand Theft Auto IV includes online multiplayer, with 15 modes of play available.[24] It supports up to 16 players (32 players in the PC version[25]) and allows players to explore the entire city.[26] Hosts of the games can control many variables, such as police presence, traffic, and weapons. The console editions of the game do not feature any split screen or LAN multiplayer modes,[27] but the PC version does have LAN support. All versions of the game include voice chat.
The online games are split into ranked and unranked matches. The reward for the ranked gameplay is cash, which determines players' ranks.[28]
Several different game modes are available. Team based gameplay modes include[29] Team Deathmatch, where 2–8 teams compete to accumulate the most kills in a traditional deathmatch; Team Mafiya Work, in which 2–8 teams compete to complete contract work for the "mafiya", such as escorting/killing targets or stealing cars; Team Car Jack City where 2–8 teams compete to steal cars and earn money for keeping them undamaged; Cops n' Crooks, featuring a team of cops who must compete against a team of crooks (which features the "All for One" variation – requiring the cops to kill the crooks' "Boss" before he is escorted to the extraction point – and the "One for All" variation – requiring the cops to kill all of the crooks before they reach the extraction point); and Turf War, involving two teams who compete to take control of designated areas of the map and control them for as long as possible.
The game also includes a variety of racing and cooperative modes, which include Race, in which players race through checkpoints in a traditional automobile race; a GTA race variation, where players race through checkpoints in an automobile race, with the ability to combat their opponents; Hangman's N.O.O.S.E., a co-op mode that requires players to collect a person from the airport and safely escort him to the extraction point before the cops kill him; Deal Breaker, a co-op mission that requires players to assault a construction site captured by enemies, then chase a group of enemies before they escape; and Bomb da Base II, a co-op mission that requires players to clear out a ship, then destroy it with explosives, referencing the mission Bomb Da Base from Grand Theft Auto III which featured a similar objective of destroying a ship with explosives. The game also features a Free Mode, in which players have the entire map open to explore, with no end goal or mission to complete.
Certain features from the single player mode are disabled in the multiplayer modes, such as the bowling, darts, and pool mini-games. The cheats, clubs and Internet café and some forms of transport (i.e. subway trains and taxi ride) are also disabled.[30]

Synopsis

Grand Theft Auto series
fictional chronology

2D universe
1961London, 1961
1969London, 1969
1997Grand Theft Auto
1999Grand Theft Auto 2

3D universe
1984Vice City Stories
1986Vice City
1992San Andreas
1998Liberty City Stories
2000Advance
2001Grand Theft Auto III

HD universe
2008Grand Theft Auto IV
         – The Lost and Damned
         – The Ballad of Gay Tony
2009Chinatown Wars
2013Grand Theft Auto V

Plot

Grand Theft Auto IV follows the story of Niko Bellic, a veteran of an unnamed war in Eastern Europe, who is haunted by the betrayal of his 15 man army unit. Ten years later, after a smuggling run goes bad due to a betrayal from a partner, Niko leaves Eastern Europe[31] to escape the anger of his employer, Ray Bulgarin. After six months in the merchant navy (serving aboard the cargo ship the Platypus), and believing the stories of his cousin Roman, Niko comes to Liberty City to pursue the American Dream as well as searching for the traitor of his unit. After his arrival, however, Niko quickly learns that Roman's tales of riches and luxury were lies concealing struggles with gambling debts and loansharks, and that Roman lives in a dirty apartment rather than a mansion.
Niko defends Roman from his loansharks several times, eventually killing Vlad Glebov, Roman's Russian loanshark. Niko also begins dating a friend of Mallorie's named Michelle and befriends Jamaican drug and arms dealer "Little" Jacob Hughes. Niko also befriends steroid junkie and chop shop owner Bruce "Brucie" Kibbutz.
After Vlad's murder, Niko and Roman are kidnapped by members of the Liberty City Bratva, on order of Mikhail Faustin and his associate, Dimitri Rascalov. Faustin, not bothered by the murder of Vlad, hires Niko, who quickly learns that he's a psychopath when he orders Niko to kill the son of Kenny Petrović, the most powerful man in the Liberty City Bratva. Dimitri then orders Niko to assassinate Faustin, and when Niko meets with Dimitri to collect on the assassination, Dimitri betrays Niko to his angry former employer Ray Bulgarin.
Immediately afterwards, Niko and Roman are forced to escape to Bohan when their apartment and taxi company are destroyed in arson attacks by Dimitri's men. To make ends meet Niko takes jobs for former gangbanger Manny Escuela, Bohan drug dealer Elizabeta Torres, Irish mobster Patrick "Packie" McReary, and Algonquin drug dealer Playboy X. Niko also becomes an errand boy for both Mafia Capo Ray Boccino and crooked Deputy Police Commissioner Francis McReary.
However, things go poorly in Bohan: one of the drug deals that Niko is working for Elizabeta turns out to be a sting and another is busted. After the latter incident, Niko's current girlfriend Michelle then reveals that she works for a government agency and entraps Niko into working for Michelle's agency, known only by its cover: United Liberty Paper. Niko kills several known or suspected terrorists for the agency in exchange for the promise of assistance in finding the man who betrayed Niko's unit. The Liberty City Police Department begins to close in on Elizabeta, who kills Manny when he attempts a citizens arrest. Soon afterwards Elizabeta is arrested, and sentenced to 300 years imprisonment.
Niko assists Boccino in a conflict diamond deal with diamond dealer Isaac Roth, which goes badly and leads to the diamonds and the money being stolen by Luis Lopez and Johnny Klebitz, respectively. In exchange for Niko's help, Boccino locates Florian Cravic, the man that Niko has been searching for. However, when Niko confronts Cravic he discovers that he's changed his name to Bernie Crane and has become an effeminate homosexual, and he determines that Bernie is not responsible for his unit's betrayal, leaving one remaining suspect: Darko Brevic. Niko also works for both Playboy X and Playboy's mentor Dwayne Forge. After Niko kills Playboy's business partners as a favour for Forge, the relationship between Playboy and Forge becomes so poisonous that each asks Niko to kill the other, leaving Niko a choice between the two.
While in Algonquin, Niko develops a strong connection with the McReary family, including Packie's older brothers Gerald and Derrick, and their sister Kate, with whom he begins a non-sexual relationship. Together Niko, Packie, Derrick, and "Saint" Michael Keane, heist the Bank of Liberty in Algonquin. However, the robbery does not go smoothly; Michael is killed and the others are forced to shoot their way out past the police to escape. After the robbery, Niko works with Gerry McReary to destroy the relationship between the Ancelotti Crime Family and their Albanian muscle-men.
Meanwhile, Derrick spends most of his share on drugs and alcohol, and sends Niko to eliminate former partners he believes are informing on him. Francis soon becomes concerned that Derrick's drug behaviour could ruin his plans to become police commissioner, and tells Niko to kill Derrick. Soon after, Derrick asks Niko to kill Francis, which gives Niko a choice between the two. In either case Niko, is invited to the funeral and informed that Gerry has been arrested.
After his incarceration, Gerry contacts Niko and asks him to help in the kidnapping of Gracie, the daughter of the Don of the Ancelloti Family, in exchange for a ransom of the stolen diamonds. However after exchanging Gracie to "Gay" Tony Prince for the diamonds, Niko and Packie are surprised by Ray Bulgarin, who claims the diamonds are his. In the ensuing gunfight the diamonds are thrown into a passing dumptruck and lost.
Niko also does work for the Pegorino family in Alderney, mainly with Associate Phil Bell, stealing heroin, and later for Don Jimmy Pegorino. This leads to a war between the Pegorinos, Pavanos, and Ancellottis. Eventually, Niko is sent to kill Ray Boccino because Pegorino is convinced that he is an informant.
United Liberty Paper eventually locates Darko Brevic and brings him to Liberty City as a final reward. Niko confronts Darko, who is now a drug-addicted wreck, and learns that Darko betrayed the group for $1,000. Niko then has to choose to either execute or spare Darko. Having dealt with his past, Niko is summoned by Pegorino, who demands one final favour: to help with an extremely lucrative deal on the heroin in collusion with Dimitri Rascalov.[29]
The story then features two possible endings depending on the choice made by the player at this point in the game: to strike a Deal with Dimitri or exact Revenge on him.
Deal
If the player chooses to go through with the Deal, Niko meets Phil to retrieve the money once Dimitri delivers the heroin to another location. However Dimitri takes the heroin for himself instead, and Niko and Phil are forced to fight to escape, but retrieve the drug money regardless. Kate, who was against making the deal, is disappointed with Niko and refuses to attend Roman and Mallorie's wedding with Niko. At the wedding, an assassin sent by Dimitri kills Roman with a stray bullet as Niko disarms and kills him. A devastated and vengeful Niko - with Little Jacob's help - follows some henchmen to where Dimitri and Pegorino are hiding. There he witnesses Dimitri kill Pegorino out of greed before escaping in a helicopter. Niko chases Dimitri to Happiness Island, where he kills him in the shadow of the Statue of Happiness. The story ends with Niko concerned for the well-being of his soul. After the end credits, Mallorie reveals to Niko in a phone call that she is pregnant with Roman's son, and later Kate calls Niko, saying that she will be there for him.
Revenge
If the player chooses to exact Revenge, Niko ambushes Dimitri on the cargo ship Platypus - the same cargo ship that brought Niko into Liberty City - and executes him. In the aftermath, Roman and Mallorie's wedding takes place, but Pegorino, furious after Niko's betrayal, commits a drive-by shooting outside the church, targets Niko, but ends up killing Kate. However, now that Pegorino has lost his ally Dimitri and angered both Niko (and thereby his many friends) and the five mafia families, the entire underworld of Liberty City wants him dead and he goes into hiding. With Little Jacob's help and Roman's support, Niko follows some henchmen to Pegorino's location where Niko attempts to kill him, but Pegorino escapes. Niko chases and executes Pegorino in the shadow of the Statue of Happiness. After the end credits, Roman reveals to Niko in a phone call that Mallorie is pregnant, and if it is a girl, they will call her Kate, in memory of Niko's girlfriend. Packie later calls him and mourns over the loss of his sister, telling Niko that she never did anything wrong, but it was her brothers that did.

Setting

GTA IV's rendition of Liberty City closely resembles modern New York City.[32]
Grand Theft Auto IV takes place in 2008, in a redesigned version of Liberty City consisting of four boroughs, based on four of the boroughs of New York City.[32] Broker is the equivalent of Brooklyn; Queens is Dukes; Bronx is Bohan and Manhattan is Algonquin. Adjacent to the city is the independent state of Alderney, based on Northern New Jersey and named after the Channel Island of the same name. The developers omitted a Staten Island-esque area, believing that gameplay based in such an area would not be fun.[33] There are three minor islands present: Charge Island (based loosely on Randall's Island), Colony Island (based on Roosevelt Island), and Happiness Island (based on Liberty Island and complete with a parody of the Statue of Liberty called the Statue of Happiness). Initially, the city's bridges are locked down due to a terrorist threat, and the player is constantly pursued by police if they are crossed, but eventually the blockades are lifted and the player is able to cross the Broker, Algonquin and Northwood Heights bridges and explore the rest of the city. The "Francis International Airport" is based on several New York City-area airports, most notably LaGuardia and JFK, however in a departure from past GTA games, exploring the tarmac area of the airport outside of missions usually carries a penalty of a high wanted level being triggered.
The protagonist Niko Bellic with the main antagonist Dimitri Rascalov at a seaside amusement park.

Main characters

The characters that appear in Grand Theft Auto IV are diverse and relative to the respective boroughs of Liberty City they are based in; belonging to various gangs and ethnic groups. The player controls Niko Bellic, an eastern European veteran of an unknown war. According to Dan Houser, virtually none of the characters from the previous games would return, as "most of the characters we liked were dead,"[33] further evidenced by in-game graffiti bidding farewell to these characters.[29]
Unlike previous games in the series, the voice actors of Grand Theft Auto IV do not include notable and high-profile celebrities, instead opting for lesser known actors, such as Michael Hollick, Jason Zumwalt, Timothy Adams and Coolie Ranx. Katt Williams and Ricky Gervais have their likenesses and comedy depicted in an in-game comedy club.[29] Actress/singer Juliette Lewis and actor/comedian Jason Sudeikis, meanwhile, both provide radio DJ voiceovers that the player can listen to.
The storyline and the timeline of the game is not consistent with the rest of the series' canon, and its plot is not related to that of the other games, but the storyline will be inter-connected with that of Grand Theft Auto V, and several minor characters will have small appearances in the next game.

Soundtrack

Like previous games in the GTA series, Grand Theft Auto IV features a soundtrack that can be heard through radio stations while the player is in a vehicle. Liberty City is serviced by 19 radio stations, three of which are talk radio stations. The other stations feature music from a large range of genres. There are notable inclusions to the game's soundtrack, such as tracks from Jean Michel Jarre, Genesis, David Bowie, Smashing Pumpkins, The Sisters of Mercy, Seryoga, Bob Marley, Don Omar, The Who, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Black Sabbath, Philip Glass, Simian Mobile Disco, Nas, Ne-Yo, Kanye West, R. Kelly, Lloyd, Miles Davis, Loose Ends, Elton John, ZZ Top, R.E.M., MC Lyte and Barry White.
The theme song of Grand Theft Auto IV is "Soviet Connection" composed by Michael Hunter, who also composed the theme for Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[34] People who provide voices for the radio DJs include fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld, musicians Iggy Pop,[35] Femi Kuti,[36] Jimmy Gestapo[37] and Ruslana,[38] and real-life radio talk show host Lazlow Jones.[39] Saturday Night Live actors Bill Hader and Jason Sudeikis appear on the liberal and conservative radio talk shows respectively, with Fred Armisen playing several guests on Lazlow's "Integrity 2.0". Numerous other comedians, including Jim Norton, Patrice O'Neal, Rick Shapiro, and Robert Kelly, as well as radio hosts Opie & Anthony appeared on the radio and/or as characters in-game.
The game uses a similar music system to that of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. In other games in the series, each radio station was essentially a single looped sound file, playing the same songs, announcements and advertisements in the same order each time. With the radio stations in Grand Theft Auto IV, each sound file is held separately, and sequenced randomly, allowing songs to be played in different orders, announcements to songs to be different each time, and plot events to be mentioned on the stations. Certain songs are also edited to incorporate references to the fictional Liberty City.[34]
Following a partnership between Rockstar Games and Amazon.com, players are able to purchase real world MP3s through GTA IV's in-game mobile phone.[40] Players are able to mark radio songs that they like by dialling ZIT-555-0100 on Niko's phone. They will then receive a text message providing the name of the song and the artist. If registered on Rockstar's 'Social Club' website, a player will also receive a real world e-mail with a link to an Amazon.com playlist where all of the player's marked songs will be listed and available to purchase.[41]

Development

Mural ad for the game on a wall in New York City, July 2007.
Work on Grand Theft Auto IV began in November 2004, almost immediately after the release of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[33] Around 150 game developers worked on Grand Theft Auto IV,[42] led by core members of the Grand Theft Auto III team.[43] The game uses Rockstar's own RAGE game engine, which was previously used in Rockstar Table Tennis, in combination with the Euphoria game animation engine.[44] Instead of pre-written animations, Euphoria uses procedural animation to control the way the player moves, enabling character movements to be more realistic.[45] The Euphoria engine also enables NPCs to react in a realistic way to the player's actions. In one preview, a player knocked an NPC out of a window and the character grabbed onto a ledge to stop himself from falling.[46] The game also uses middleware from Image Metrics to facilitate intricate facial expressions and ease the process of incorporating lip-synching.[47] Foliage in the game is produced through SpeedTree.[48]
Grand Theft Auto IV sees a shift in the series to a more realistic and detailed style and tone,[33] partly a result of the transition to consoles which offered high-definition graphics and the new and improved capabilities of such consoles.[43] Rockstar co-founder Dan Houser said "what we're taking as our watchword on [GTA IV] is the idea of what high definition actually means. Not just in terms of graphics, which obviously we are achieving, but in terms of all aspects of the design. [...] You know, trying to make something more realistic, more held together, but still retaining the overall coherence that the other games had."[33] Art director Aaron Garbut said one of the reasons they decided to set the game in New York because "we all knew what an amazing, diverse, vibrant, cinematic city it is. [...] And since we were hoping to push the detail, variety and life, for lack of a better word, to such a degree it seemed that basing the game in a city so synonymous with these things was a great fit."[49] Dan Houser added "because we were working in high definition and we knew we'd need a shitload of research, we wanted to be somewhere where we had a foothold."[43] The developers consciously avoided creating a block for block recreation of New York City, Dan Houser said "what we've always tried to do is make a thing that looks real and has the qualities of a real environment, but is also fun from a game design perspective."[33] The Grand Theft Auto IV rendition of Liberty City is far more detailed and is the largest individual city in the Grand Theft Auto series.[50] Although smaller than San Andreas, Liberty City is comparable to it in terms of scope when "the level of verticality of the city, the number of buildings you can go into, and the level of detail in those buildings" are taken into account.[50] The goal for Liberty City was to have no dead spots or irrelevant spaces, such as the wide open deserts in San Andreas.[33] To achieve a realistic environment, the Rockstar North team, based in Edinburgh, Scotland, made two trips to New York for research, one at the start of the project (which is done with every GTA game) and another smaller one further into development.[49] A full-time research team, based in New York, handled further requests for information ranging from the ethnic minority of a neighbourhood to videos of traffic patterns.[43]
The story of Grand Theft Auto IV was written by Dan Houser and Rupert Humphries.[29] Unlike previous Grand Theft Auto games which have a strong cultural or cinematic influence, "[GTA IV doesn't] really have any cinematic influences",[33] said Dan Houser, "we were consciously trying to go, well, if videogames are going to develop into the next stage, then the thing isn't to try and do a loving tribute or reference other stuff. It's to reference the actual place itself".[43] Houser also said, "In terms of the character, we wanted something that felt fresh and new and not something that was obviously derived from [a] movie. [...] Maybe [we] could do something ourselves that would live alongside that stuff".[43]
Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich said "[we had] to pick the songs that make New York today what it is, but make sure they won't feel dated by the time the game comes out."[51] The developers contacted over 2,000 people in order to obtain recording and publishing rights.[34] They even hired a private investigator to locate the relatives of late Skatt Bros. member Sean Delaney to license the band's song, "Walk the Night".[52] Citing sources close to the deals, Billboard reported that Rockstar paid as much as $5,000 per composition and another $5,000 per master recording per track.[53] Developers originally considered letting players purchase music by going to an in-game record shop and for Niko to have an MP3 player, but both ideas were cut.[34] DJ Green Lantern produced tracks exclusively for the game's hip-hop radio station The Beat 102.7.[53] Record label owner and record producer Bobby Konders, who hosts the in-game radio station Massive B Soundsystem 96.9, went through the extra effort of flying to Jamaica to get dancehall artists to re-record tracks to make references to the boroughs of Liberty City.[53]
The Corporate Vice-President of Microsoft's Interactive Entertainment Business division, Peter Moore, announced at E3 2006 that the game would appear on Xbox 360, by rolling up his sleeve to reveal a GTA IV temporary tattoo.[54] Rockstar Games initially appeared to be committed to the original 16 October 2007 release date; however, Wedbush Morgan analyst Michael Pachter suggested that Take-Two may choose to delay the release of the game in order to boost its financial results for 2008 and to avoid competing with the release of other highly anticipated titles, such as Halo 3.[55] Rockstar responded by saying that Grand Theft Auto IV was still on track for release in "late October".[56] On 2 August 2007, Take-Two announced that Grand Theft Auto IV would miss its original release date of 16 October 2007 contrary to their previous statements, and would be delayed to their second fiscal quarter (February–April) of 2008.[57] In a later conference call with investors, Take-Two's Strauss Zelnick attributed the delay to "almost strictly technological problems ... not problems, but challenges."[58] It was revealed that technical difficulties with the PlayStation 3 version of the game contributed to the delay, along with storage problems on the Xbox 360.[59] On 24 January 2008, Take-Two announced that Grand Theft Auto IV would be released on 29 April 2008.[60] As the release date approached, Rockstar Games and Take-Two marketed the game heavily through various forms, including television ads, Internet video, billboards, viral marketing, and a redesigned website. A special edition of the game was also released for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[61] At a Take-Two shareholder meeting on 18 April 2008, Take-Two CEO Ben Feder announced that GTA IV had already "gone gold" and was "in production and in trucks en route to retailers".[62] The game was eventually released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles in Europe, North America, and Oceania on 29 April 2008,[60] and in Japan on 30 October 2008.[63] A Microsoft Windows version of the game was released in North America on 2 December 2008 and in Europe on 3 December 2008.[2][64][65] It was made available on Steam on 4 January 2009.[66] Overall, Grand Theft Auto IV took over 1000 people and more than three and a half years to complete, with a total cost estimated at approximately $100 million, making it one of the most expensive games ever developed[67] (as of 2012 only Star Wars: The Old Republic has been reported to have a higher development cost than that of Grand Theft Auto IV).[68][69]

Episodic content

The cover art for Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City.
Two episodic packs for Grand Theft Auto IV have been released. These two episodes were first released separately on Xbox Live as downloadable content (DLC), requiring the original game to play. Following that in October 2009 they were released together as part of a standalone game called Grand Theft Auto: Episodes From Liberty City for the Xbox 360 that does not require the original Grand Theft Auto IV media to be playable.[70] The first expansion is entitled The Lost and Damned, originally released on 17 February 2009.[71] The second is entitled The Ballad of Gay Tony, released on 29 October 2009.[72][73][74] Both episodes were released for PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows on 13 April 2010[75] in North America and on 16 April 2010[75] in Europe.[76]
The Lost and Damned features a new central character, Johnny Klebitz, a member of Liberty City's biker gang The Lost, which was featured in several GTA IV missions. Dan Houser stated the episode shows "a different side of Liberty City".[74] The Ballad of Gay Tony also features a new central character, Luis Fernando Lopez, an assistant to nightclub owner Tony "Gay Tony" Prince, and follows him as he resolves the conflicts of his friends, family, and boss.[70]
Jeronimo Barrera, Vice President of Product Development for Rockstar Games, has said that the episodes are experiments because they are not sure that there are enough users with access to online content on the Xbox 360.[77] Take-Two Interactive's Chief Financial Officer, Lainie Goldstein revealed that Microsoft was paying a total of $50 million for the first two episodes.[78]
In January 2010 Rockstar announced that the DLC as well as Episodes From Liberty City would be made available for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows on 13 April 2010 in North America[75][79] and 16 April 2010 in Europe.[75]
Grand Theft Auto IV: The Complete Edition, including the original Grand Theft Auto IV and its two episodic expansions, was listed on online stores[80] before being confirmed by Rockstar. The compilation was released on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows on 26 October 2010 in North America, and 29 October in Europe.[81]

Community features

The Rockstar Games Social Club is a web site that displays the gameplay statistics of registered users and feature competitions and awards based on player activity within the game.[82] The website was announced on 27 March 2008 and launched on 17 April 2008. The main features of Social Club launched on the same date of the game itself 29 April 2008. Social Club provides online features for Rockstar's latest Midnight Club game, Midnight Club: Los Angeles. Social Club consists of multiple parts. It initially included the LCPD Police Blotter, The Story Gang, The 100% Club, The Hall Of Fame, The Liberty City Marathon and The Zit.
In an interview with PlayStation World magazine, Rockstar mentioned that they will "heavily support" Sony's PlayStation Home, a community-based service for the PlayStation Network. Rockstar also mentioned that visitors to their PlayStation Home apartment would receive 'goodies' such as clothing for their avatar and items and decorations for their own PlayStation Home apartment.[83] Rockstar also announced that Xbox Live users will gain exclusives in the form of downloadable content and a multiplayer modding tool.[84]

Windows version

The Windows version of GTA IV includes a replay editor. This screenshot shows the Clips interface which is used to capture game footage.
On 6 August 2008, Rockstar announced that a Microsoft Windows version was in development by Rockstar North and Rockstar Toronto.[1][64] The game was originally announced for release in North America on 18 November 2008 and in Europe on 21 November 2008 but was later pushed back to 2 and 3 December 2008, respectively.[2][64][65]
It contains expanded features,[64] including traffic density control, draw distance configurations and a replay editor.[85][86][87][88] The replay editor allows players to record and edit game clips, videos can then be uploaded to Rockstar's Social Club website.[88] It utilises Games for Windows - Live for online play and supports 32 players for multiplayer.[25][89] SecuROM protection is utilised and a one time online activation is required in order to play the game.[90]